Today Egypt is regarded one of the major countries in the Middle East and Africa due its political and cultural roles in the area. In addition, It is one of the heavily populated countries in Africa with a population of 78 million people in 2007 estimates. The Nile River determines the Egyptian demography. Almost 90% of Egyptian population live along the Nile valley where there is plentiful of arable land. The vast desert plateau is sparsely populated. Cairo is the capital of Egypt which is renowned as the main political, economic and cultural centers in Africa and the Middle East. Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt which serves as the main Egyptian harbor on the Mediterranean sea.